International Progress, International Order, and the Liberal International Order

Abstract Most explanations for the crisis of liberal order revolve around geopolitics, globalization, economic resentment fueling new forms populism and nationalism, Western states following their interests away from values institutions creation. But international orders are produced legitimated by both material spiritual forces. The spirit in liberalism is moral progress defined practices humanity. If Liberal International Order (LIO) decline, then perhaps we should consider its foundations. Section “Introduction” briefly introduces question order, categorizes relations theories according to mixture consent coercion, how legitimacy often refers not only existing but a vision progress. This particularly true order. “International Order, Legitimacy, Progress” turns progress, possible decline After considering late 20th-century emergence I argue that one reason declining foundations because pronounced individualism resides at heart contemporary In other words, sources exogenous rather part liberalism. Conclusion asks: what next? conjunction LIO COVID-19 has complicated debate about future much conversation hinges on whether United States can recover self-destructive tendencies China’s intentions. where humanity this discussion?